2, the value of the proliferation

 Products - all the things the capitalists - is a use value, such as cotton, leather boots and so on. Although such boots in some sense constitute the basis of social progress, and our capitalist progressives also a firm, but he is not to create boots boots itself. In commodity production, use value is not itself the subject of favorite things. Here, so the value of production use, because and only because of the use value is the exchange value of the material matrix, is the bearer of exchange value. Our concern is that the capitalists the following two points. First, he should produce exchange value of the use value, to produce goods to sell goods. Second, he produced the goods to make the value greater than the production of the commodity that is required for production of various commodities and labor - in order to buy them, he had a real advance in commodity markets currencies - the value of combined. He not only used to produce value, but also to produce goods not only produce use values, but also to the production value, not only to production value, but also to the production of surplus value.

Now here of the commodity production, so in fact now clear that we examined only one aspect of the process. As the product itself is the unity of use value and value as the process of commodity production and value of the labor process must be the formation of unity.

Now we put as the value of the formation process of the production process to examine.

We know the value of each commodity is materialized in its use by the value of the amount of labor determined by the production of the goods determined by socially necessary labor time. This also applies to the process as a result of the labor capitalists owned all of our products. Therefore, we must first calculate materialized in the products of labor.

the assumption that the product is cotton.

production of cotton yarn, first of all to have raw materials, such as 10 pounds of cotton, but what is the value of cotton, the first need not explore here, because the capitalists have been in the market, according to the value of cotton such as 10 shillings to buy it , and in cotton prices, cotton production has been the performance of the labor required for the general social work. We further assume that consumption of cotton spindles in the amount of processing time spent spinning on behalf of all other labor, value of 2 shillings. If the amount of 12 shillings is 24 hours or 2 business days of labor product, then the first can be drawn, two days in the cotton yarn in materialized.

cotton changed its shape, the amount of spindles was consumed completely disappeared, but we should not be confused by this situation. If the value of 40 pounds = 40 pounds of cotton yarn of cotton spindles in the value of the value of +1, that is, if the production of products on both sides of this equation requires the same labor time, then in accordance with the general law of value, 10 pounds is 10 pounds of cotton yarn cotton and 1 / 4 equivalent of spindles. In this case, the same labor time embodied in the use value of a yarn, the other one is reflected in the value of cotton and spindles in use. Therefore, the value of both performance in the cotton, or cotton spindles are the same. Spindles and cotton is no longer tolerable to coexist with, but together in the spinning process, which combines the use of changing their form, turning them into a yarn. But this will not affect their value, as they are replaced by a simple exchange as the equivalent of cotton yarn.

production labor time needed for cotton,UGG bailey button, the production of cotton yarn to cotton as the raw material needed to work part time, and thus included in the cotton yarn in the. Production labor time required for spindle is true, because there is no spindle wear and tear or consumption, and cotton can not be spun into yarn.

Therefore, the value in the study of cotton yarn, cotton yarn that is produced when the labor time required, can be different in time and space separate from the special labor process, namely, the production itself and the production of cotton consumption spindles in the amount of the labor process must be completed and the final production of cotton yarn with cotton and spindles must be completed by the labor process, labor process is the same as before and after the different stages of succession. Cotton yarn contains all the labor work is in the past. As for the production of cotton yarn in the form factor is the labor time required is long past, is past perfect, and in the process of spinning the last direct labor cost is close to the present, is now completed, this situation is absolutely nothing. If building a house requires a certain amount of labor, such as 30 days, then the house is reflected in the amount of labor time, not because the first 30 days of work than the first one the night of 29 days and be change. Therefore, included in the labor materials and of labor in the labor time, can be seen as an early stage in the spinning process cost, is spinning in the final form of the added cost of labor before.

Therefore, the production performance of the cotton and spindles for the price of 12 shillings value, value or product value of the cotton component.

But there must have two conditions. First, the cotton and spindles must be actually used for the production of value. In our example cited is the need to produce from the cotton and spindles of cotton yarn. For the value of speaking, what kind of use it by the value of commitment are the same, but it must be borne by a use value. Second, we must assume that the labor time used only under certain social conditions of production necessary labor time. If only spinning 1 pound 1 pound of cotton yarn, then, 1 pound spinning yarn to be consumed only 1 pound of cotton spindles as well. If the capitalists to be true, to use instead of iron ingots of gold bullion, then the yarn is still only the calculation of the value of socially necessary labor, that is necessary for the production of iron ingots labor time.

Now, we know, what part of the value of cotton production which is composed of cotton and spindles. This part of the value equal to 12 shillings, equal to 2 working days of the incarnation. Now examine the spinning of the workers themselves on the labor value added part of the cotton.

Now, we need to examine the labor process with a completely different perspective when you examine this work. Labor process in the study, the talk is to make the cotton into yarn purposeful activity. In all other conditions remain unchanged, more in line with the purpose of labor, cotton yarn, the better. Spinning is a labor of workers and other production work with different special productive labor. This difference in the subjective and objective aspects of performance out, that is, spinning the workers have a special purpose, a special mode of operation, his production has special nature of his products have a special value in use. Spinning cotton and spindles as subsistence work, but can not use them to create rifled gun. In contrast to the formation of spinning is the value of the labor of workers labor, is the source of value for it and bore no difference between the labor of workers, or to use a more proximate example, with the cotton and spindles reflect manufacturer cotton yarn production in the labor makes no difference. Only because of this identity, cotton, spindles and spinning system in order to become the same value of the total value of the cotton yarn only difference between the amount of the parts. There is no longer talking about the quality of labor, that is the nature and content of labor, but only the amount of labor. The amount of labor it is easy to calculate. We assume that labor is simply spinning labor, is the average social labor. The future we will know that the opposite assumption would not have the slightest impact on the problem.

in the labor process, labor in the form of constantly moving into the existing form, the form of movement into material form. The end of an hour, spinning movement showed a certain amount of cotton yarn, so a certain amount of labor, that is, a labor hour, materialized in Cotton. We say that the labor hours, is spinning the vitality of the workers within an hour of consuming, because here, spinning only as a labor cost of labor, rather than spinning such as special labor have meaning.

decisive here is carried out in the process, namely in the cotton into yarn, the consumed only socially necessary labor time. If that is the average in normal conditions of social production, a labor hour should be a pound of cotton into b pounds of yarn, then, only the 12 × a pound of cotton into a 12 × b pounds of yarn a day, to be 12 hour workday. Because only socially necessary labor time is considered is the formation of the value of labor time.

with the labor itself, where raw materials and products are also the original meaning of our labor process from the perspective of the time completely different. Raw material here is just a certain amount of work as absorbers. Through this absorption into a cotton material fact, because the labor cost in spinning and add in the form of a raw material. The product is cotton yarn is now absorbed by the labor of the gauges. If the 1 hour, 1 2 / 3 pounds of cotton to be spun off, or become a 1 2 / 3 pounds of cotton yarn,Discount UGG boots, cotton yarn to 10 pounds then that is absorbed in the labor 6 hours. Experience determined by the amount of certain products, and now only represent a certain amount of labor, the labor representative of a certain amount of freezing time. They are just one hour, two hours a day, the embodiment of social labor.

where labor is spinning labor, raw materials, it is cotton, cotton yarn its products is the case, is not related, as the object itself is the product of labor is not related to the situation of raw materials the same. If workers are not working in the textile factory, but work in the coal mine, coal is a natural object of labor exist. However, mined from the deposit a certain amount of coal, such as a cwt, still represent a certain amount of labor absorbed.

sell in the labor force when it has been assumed that the daily value = 3 shillings, 3 shillings embodied in the six working hours, which is the average daily production of the lives of workers and the amount of data needed the amount of labor. Now, if we are spinning workers in a labor hour to 1 2 / 3 pounds of cotton into 1 2 / 3 pounds of cotton yarn, and he will put in 6 hours, 10 pounds 10 pounds of cotton into yarn. Therefore, in the spinning process, the cotton absorbed six working hours. The performance of labor time the amount of three shillings. Thus, the spinning itself, the cotton was added to the value of 3 shillings.

products that we now look at the total value of 10 pounds of cotton yarn. 10 pounds of cotton yarn in this materialized with 2 1 / 2 days: 2, the amount included in the cotton and spindles, 1 / 2 is absorbed in the spinning process. The performance of labor time the amount of 15 shillings. Therefore, the value of cotton yarn with 10 pounds of consistent price is 15 shillings, the price of a pound of cotton is 1 shilling 6 pence.

our capitalist stunned. Value of the product is equal to the value of prepaid capital. No pre-paid value of proliferation, did not produce surplus value, therefore, money is not converted into capital. This is the price of 10 pounds of cotton yarn is 15 shillings, and in the commodities market for the purchase of products or labor of various elements of the process of the formation of the various factors is also spent 15 shillings: 10 shillings to buy cotton, two shillings to buy consumption of spindles, 3 shillings to buy labor. Expansion of the value of cotton yarn not help, because the value just before the distribution of cotton yarn in cotton, spindles and labor on the value of the sum of the value of this has simply added together, can never produce surplus value. These values are now concentrated in a material above, but in the 15 shillings to buy the three commodities separately before, these values had been concentrated in a 15-shilling on the amount of money.

This result is not surprising in itself. The value of a pound of cotton is 1 shilling 6 pence, so we capitalists in the commodity market to buy 10 pounds of cotton yarn have to pay 15 shillings. Whether he is in the market to buy ready-made houses, or build a house yourself, no matter what kind of practices that are the currency of expenditure on housing will increase in provisioning.

familiar with the vulgar political economy of capitalist might say: he intended to advance their own money to give birth to more money this

However, the road to hell is paved with good intentions; he is not in production, it can also have the intention of making money. Threatened him. He said he could no longer handle the grip. After he bought in the market ready-made goods, not their own. However, if all his brother capitalists were to do so, how can he find in the market commodity? Could get money and did not eat. Him preaching. Want people to think of his abstinence. He could have wasted his 15 shillings. He did not do so, he produces to consume them, put them into a yarn. Even so be it. But he do not get is cotton regret. He should never again when the currency storage, the latter has shown us that, what would be the result of abstinence. Moreover, nothing in place, the emperor lost his power. No matter how much credit for his abstinence, and nothing can be used to the extra compensation paid to abstinence, because the exit value of the products of the production process into the production process is only equal to the sum of the value of goods. He should be But capitalists do not, he entanglement. He did not say anything useful on cotton yarn. His production of cotton yarn to sell. Well, then let him sell it! Or even simpler, so that he will produce only what they need it, - it was his family doctor 麦克库洛赫 his prescription as to prevent a panacea for the epidemic of overproduction. He stiffened. Are the workers will be able to light out of thin air with both hands to create a product, the production of goods it? Is not his material to the workers, workers can use these materials in these materials to reflect their own labor into it? Most impoverished in society, he is not with their own means of production, cotton and spindles, the social and living information supplied by him, the workers themselves had great service? Does he get paid for the service should not it? However, the workers and the spindles of cotton into yarn, which is not his service? And here the problem is not that service. Service is nothing more than a use value to be effective, regardless of the value of such use of goods or labor. Talking about here is the exchange value. He paid the workers the value of 3 shillings. Workers returned to him the equivalent of a full rather, that added value of three shillings on cotton, the workers pay the value in value. Our friend just has to capital pride, but now suddenly become as humble workers and their own had. Does not he work it? Is he not engaged in monitoring and supervision of workers labor spinning it? He also formed of this labor is not worth it? But his towering shoulders of the supervisors and managers. And he proudly smiled, and resumed his original face. He used a large set of long and empty and tasteless fool us. To this end he did not charge a penny. He put this type of subterfuge and empty words are hypocritical to employ him for the purpose of political economics professors to talk. He himself was a practical person, for the words outside the business, but not always well considered, but within the scope of the business done, he has always been aware of this.

Let us take a look at more carefully. Value of labor at 3 shillings, because labor itself materialized with half a working day, that is, because every day life of the production information necessary for labor to spend half a day. However, included in the labor force in the past can provide labor and living labor labor labor day labor day maintenance and cost are two completely different content. The former determines its exchange value, which constitutes its value. Maintain a life of 24 hours of the workers only need half a working day, this does not prevent workers labor all day. Therefore, the value of labor and labor value in the proliferation of the labor process, are two different volume. When the capitalists buy labor, took a fancy to the value of the difference. Labor to manufacture cotton yarn or boots, a useful property, only a necessary condition, because the labor cost to be a useful form, to form value. However, the decisive, is the unique use value of goods that it is the source of value and the value is greater than the source of its own. This is what the capitalists want to provide a unique service workforce. Here he is all in accordance with the eternal laws of commodity exchange act. In fact, sellers of labor, and any other goods sold, like, to achieve the exchange value of labor-use value of labor alienation. He did not hand over the latter, it can not achieve the former. Use value of labor is labor itself does not return all of its sellers, as has been the use value of the oil sold is not owned by oil companies all the same. Money to pay the owner the value of labor day, so the use of day labor work on that day in his possession. Maintenance labor costs half a working day only, while labor was able to work all day, therefore, labor for a day than the value created by their own labor force is twice the value of the day. This situation is a particularly lucky buyer, the seller is by no means unfair.

our capitalists have long anticipated such a situation, this is the reason for his laughter. Therefore, the workers encountered in the workplace, not only 12 hours, 6 hours and is necessary for the labor process of production. If 10 pounds of cotton absorbed six working hours, into 10 pounds of cotton, then cotton will absorb 20 pounds of 12 labor hours into 20 pounds of cotton yarn. Let's look at the extension of the labor process products. Now, 20 pounds of cotton yarn in the materialization of the 5 working days in which four days have been materialized in the amount consumed in the cotton and spindles, a working day in the spinning process is absorbed by cotton. 5 working daily to the performance of gold is 30 shillings, or 1 pound 10 shillings. Thus, this is the price of 20 pounds of cotton yarn. 1 pound of cotton is still the same as before the value of 1 shilling 6 pence. However, the labor process into the sum of the value of goods was 27 shillings. The value of cotton yarn is 30 shillings. Value of the product than to produce the value of prepaid products and growth in the 1 / 9.27 shillings into 30 shillings, to bring the residual value of 3 shillings. Magic has finally become. Money into the capital of the.

issue in all conditions are fulfilled, the exchange of commodities also did not violate the various laws. Equivalent for equivalent. As a buyer, the capitalists of each commodity - cotton, spindles and labor - are paid according to their value. Then he did what any other commodity buyers do. His consumption of their use value. Labor consumption process (and commodity production process) to provide 20 pounds of cotton yarn products is worth 30 shillings. After the purchase of goods capitalists, and now come back to the market of goods sold. He sells yarn is one shilling 6 pence a pound, compared with its value is neither expensive nor cheap compared with its value. However, he made money from circulation than the original currency put into circulation more than three shillings. His money into capital, the entire process, carried out both in the circulation, not carried in the circulation. It is based on the medium of circulation, because it purchased the commodity labor-market conditions. It is not in circulation, because flow is preparing for the value of proliferation, and this process is carried out in production. Therefore,

money into commodities as the capitalists, so that the material goods as the formation of new products, elements or factors of the labor process, when he live the death of labor with the material of these products are combined, he the value of the past, materialized, and the death of labor into capital, into a proliferation of self-value, into a spiritual monster, it uses

If we now put the value of the formation process and the value of the proliferation of comparison, you know, nothing more than the value of proliferation extended beyond a certain point the value of the formation. If the value formation process only until the point that the capital value of labor just paid the equivalent of the new compensation,UGG boots clearance, that is simply the process of value formation. If the value of the formation of more than this, it would become the value of the proliferation process.

Second, if we value formation process and compare the labor process, you know, constitutes use of the labor process is the production of useful value of labor. Here, sport is to examine the qualitative aspects, from its special way and method, to examine the purpose and content. In value during the formation of the labor process is the same amount to show aspects of it. The action involves only the time required to work, or that labor is a site just the length of time consumed. Here, the goods into the labor process is no longer a destination, as the role of the labor to perform certain functions when the material factors. They are just as certain amount of materialized labor data. Whether it is included in the production of labor, or added to by the labor of labor, only on a time scale calculations. It is equal to the number of hours, several days more.

, however, was calculated using the value of the production cost is only the socially necessary time. This contains the following points. Labor should play a role under normal conditions. If the spinning machine in the spinning industry is the generic of labor in society, it can not allow workers to use hand spinning wheel. He should also be used in normal quality cotton, cotton should not be a bad cotton is often decapitated. Otherwise, in both cases, he produced a pound of cotton by the labor time will be spent over socially necessary labor time,bailey UGG boots, and these did not form more than the value of the time or money. However, whether the material factors of labor does not depend on the nature of the normal workers, but on the capitalists. Another condition is that the nature of its regular workforce. It is used by labor in the profession, must have dominated the profession in the average proficiency, skill and speed. Our capitalist in the labor market also buy a normal quality of labor. The labor force must be the average level of tension is often, usually on the strength of the community to consume. Capitalists carefully watching this, as he watched carefully to prevent the labor of a minute wasted not the same. He bought a certain period of labor. He obtained from the above, what belongs to him. He would not be theft. Finally, he does not allow unreasonable consumption of raw materials and labor, - for which we gentleman has his own criminal law - because the waste of raw materials or cost of labor is more materialized labor, does not count, do not the formation of value added products.

we see the past, when we analyze the products found to create use value of labor and labor value-creating the same distinction between the performance of the production process is now different aspects of difference.

as the value of the labor process and the formation of the unity of the production process is the process of commodity production; as the proliferation of the labor process and the value of the unity of the production process is the process of capitalist production, is the capitalist form of commodity production.

we pointed out earlier, the value of the proliferation process, the capitalists and the labor share is a simple, average social labor, is more complex, the higher the proportion of labor, there is no relationship. Higher than the average social work more complex work, is the performance of such a labor, this labor need higher than the average labor cost of education, its production work to spend more time, so it has a higher value . Since this relatively high value of labor, it also is the more advanced work, also in the same amount of time for the more value materialized. However, no matter spinner labor and labor work fine jewelry there is much difference in degree, fine jewelry work to compensate for their labor that part of the value of labor, and he used to create additional surplus value of that part of the quality of labor with no difference. Can see that in both cases, are only from the surplus value of labor in the amount of the surplus labor from the same process - where is the cotton yarn in a production process, in another occasion the jewelry production process - the extended.

the other hand, the formation of a value in each process, labor is always higher on average into social work, such as higher labor day x days into a simple labor. Therefore, as long as the use of capital assumed in the simple social workers are the average of labor, we can save extra simplifies the analysis of the conversion leaving.