Humanistic Psychology Psychological Wang Hop

 Today, 22:40 Humanistic Psychology Psychological Wang Hop

humanistic psychology is an important research direction. People-oriented, personality deepened.

References:

Humanistic Psychology Fair evaluation of new exploration vehicle

First, the main contribution to the

Second,UGG boots cheap, fundamental flaws

References

Abstract: This article from the macro on humanistic psychology propose a new evaluation. The main contribution that: (1) the nature and value of the person referred to the first psychological research; (2) to highlight the human motivational system and the important role of high-level needs; (3) The experimental paradigm and experience of subjective and objective integrated paradigm new ideas; (4) to promote people-oriented organization and management of psychological treatment and educational reform and development. Fundamental flaws: (1) naturalistic theory of human nature does not shake off the fetters; (2) the penetration of individual selfishness spirit; (3) the lack of empirical testing and support.

Keywords: humanistic psychology paradigm experience of subjective and objective experimental paradigm

The Exploration of Assess to Humanistic Psychology

Che Wenbo

Abstract: This paper gives Humanistic Psychology a new assess on a great aspiratio.Main tribute: (1) put man's essence and value to the first place of psychology resaerching; (2) prominent the important effect of man's motive system and super need; (3) conceive a new idea to synthesize the experimental-objective pattem and the experienced-subjective pattern; (4) promote the development of organization management, education reform and psychotherapy based people.Radical defect: (1) still be limited in naturalismn human-rtature theory; (2) infiltrate in individual departmentalism idea; (3) be lack of experimental examine and support. Key word: Humanism Psychology experimental-objective pattern experienced-subjective pattern

present, humanistic psychology has become the Western Psychological one of five kinds of learning orientation, and biology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, together with a theoretical perspective to resolve a wide range of human psychology and behavior mechanisms; and from the organization, teaching and research on Institute of Psychology, has been formally incorporated into. Humanistic psychology in the psychology community has won a place, after all, is a recognized fact that (name of the other translation Sun, 1994).

However, at home and abroad humanistic psychology is its evaluation of the concrete proof of a say in the short term will be difficult to reach a consensus. Currently, there are three assessment: 1. Major changes the view of those who hold most of this from a macro perspective of the overall evaluation of the longitudinal, in which both historians and theoretical psychology, psychologists, more full of Humanistic Psychology home. They are deeply critical of Western psychology, the first and second mechanical forces and biological reduction of two of the dehumanizing, return directly to the psychology of science in the true colors of human nature, will from the research objects, methods and theory lead a new revolution in psychology. This view of the contribution of humanistic psychology gave high, but its problems with science, defects are often underestimated.

2. doubt that a negative view of those who hold the majority of subjects from nature (psychology is the science, not philosophy), especially scientific research methods to the evaluation of the Perspective, basically experiment psychologist. They humanistic psychology as Gestalt psychology is included in the overall body of theory and psychology into. This view captures the people, although the fundamental shortcomings of humanistic psychology, but suspected of humanistic psychology which exist independently of the value orientation, the humanistic psychology and scientific psychology diametrically opposed to it, underestimated, ignored and excluded Humanistic psychology is desirable.

3. important addition to the view of those who hold it, mainly from the main body of scientific psychology to humanistic psychology to complement the evaluation perspective, most of them holding a compromise, compatibility, integration psychologist positions, including some of the more rigorous history and theory of psychology psychologists. In their view, humanistic psychology in the nature of the subject, object of study, methodology and future aspects of psychological development strategies extremely important question, and some are far-sighted, vision, giving a great inspiration; but they are often more theoretical study on specific research, particularly experimental or experience a lack of strong support. Although humanistic psychology to make a full and accurate assessment is premature, but it may well be an important scientific psychology supplement.

We believe that the three reviews of the truth; but neither overestimate nor underestimate its impact. Overall, the contribution of humanistic psychology is significant, with a revolutionary, of course, its limitations are fundamental and can not be ignored.

(back to article directory)

First, the main contribution to the

humanistic psychology is the history of Western psychology as a major change. The contribution is manifold, in theory, it forces conduct first and second forces to do a deep spirit of criticism and theory in the construction of a series of subjective and objective paradigm is proposed based on the integration of new ideas. From a practical perspective, humanistic psychology, organizational management, educational reform and other aspects of psychological treatment have significant contribution.

(a) the nature and value of human psychology study that the first

mechanical determinism, human nature and value of the first reference to the first object of study in psychology, psychology of human development in many areas of advanced spiritual life.

humanistic psychologists criticize Western psychology in the first and second power when the full force of the shortcomings of revolutionary passion, and quite convincing. On the one hand reflected in the humanistic critique of the behavioral psychologists the right to equality with the people and animals to stimulate the reaction formula to replace the inner psychological process of research into the mechanical reductionism and environmental determinism; the other hand, the performance of right in the criticism of the humanistic psychologist, a spiritual equivalent of the same patients and normal subjects in order to replace the function of unconscious mental life of people throughout the research into a biological reductionist and pessimistic. Ann Tuosi (Aanstoos, 1994) pointed out: Psychology in the 20th century most of the time is dedicated to non-human study, people in a cage, the hungry, the rats had mutated into the main object. In the past 20 years a shift occurred, cognitivism replaced behaviorism as the main paradigm of psychology, therefore, rats out, computer models entered. But the only constant is still the psychological edge in the true human condition. (Wertz, 1994, p.6)

can be seen, the traditional mainstream psychology there is a serious derogatory and dehumanizing tendencies of human nature.

breakthrough in human psychology and psychoanalysis behaviorism theory of paradigm, the object of study in psychology, content, methods, and psychological treatment of unique aspects to construct a new system of psychological theory. Particularly traditional truth, goodness, beauty and value of the problem for a long time because the inability of the traditional scientific method had to push to a non-science, literature and religion as primarily faith to deal with. Maslow's vision is to improve and expand the scientific authority of scientific methods to bridge the contemporary has been developed to a very serious generally recognized. Thus, humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology to human nature,UGG bailey button, potential, value, creativity and self-realization that a high degree of psychological research object, which in the history of human psychology is an innovation. Le Biao said: humanistic psychology of the revolutionary is that: (1) It presents a pattern of positive people; (2) it advocates acknowledge their own existence, that life is subjective carried out to like as it produces. Humanistic psychologists who first, followed by scientists. (Translated by Chen Kai, 1990,24 pages)

Clearly, humanistic psychology to psychology as an important person in school, it took in making the study of psychology or the science of human nature on the road made a historic contribution. Burgundy Tal said: Humanistic psychology is the history of Western psychology, It will happen in the human status of the changes that will be with us in the past century has seen equally profound change in physics. (Lui Ming such as translation, 1987,149 pages)

traditional psychology Wundt opened up along the main sense of elemental analysis on the basic psychology of the downstream line of natural development, and the runoff of Humanistic Psychology direct experience of consciousness and social life, and opened up psychology or social development to the channel, starting again from the main house to expand the field of psychological research, has enriched the spiritual life of human meaning. Such as human values, the meaning of life, self-realization, transformation of consciousness, beyond the self, the peak experience, realize that life and death, the universe awareness, human collaboration and so on.

(b) to highlight the human motivational system and the important role of high-level needs of Humanistic Psychology

criticism of the traditional psychology of the human animal, non-personalized and non personalized tendency illustrates the great role and level of motivation theory, highlighting the need for the senior people have greater value.

Schultz pointed out that the well-known American historians of psychology:

many social critics believe that the current Western culture, especially American culture, people have lost their humanity, lost their personality and individuality , even to such an extent that goes as far as the great social machine were an infinitesimal part. It is said that people no longer seen as human beings, but rather as human affairs, and the average statistical significance of the people. As individuals, we also become a loss of individuality and the lack of ability to take the initiative to determine our own life process of people. Humanistic psychology seems to reflect the machinery of contemporary Western tendencies expressed by the kind of unrest and dissatisfaction. Humanistic psychologists believe that behavior, if not anti-human doctrine, and it is not human, they denied such a notion that animals portrait, but also to mechanical and uniform way to his environment or his early years experience to respond (such as translation YANG energy, 1981,407 pages).

very obvious to focus on behavioral Germany and the spirit of the claims that Humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology in the fight against the beast of man, impersonal and non-personalized, prominent human nature, human values and dignity, initiative and unique, self-realization and full human respect, both positive and realistic significance and far-reaching historical significance.

Maslow's need hierarchy theory of human motivation is a major contribution to psychology. Main features: (1) pointed out that the main need is to arouse people's enthusiasm for the intrinsic motivation to meet the needs highlighted the importance of human development. (2) see the people and animals on the needs of the difference between low-level needs that are shared by humans and animals, compared to people of high-level special needs, basic psychology to overcome the traditional shortcomings of people regardless of the beast. (3) the people's needs as a multi-level, multi-level system, discussed the nature of human needs, structure, type, occurrence and development of the law. (4) analysis of the human needs of all levels and their relationship with special emphasis on the emergence of high-level needs to basically meet the needs of low-level condition, but only the pursuit of high-level needs more substantial and satisfying to make people more happiness. (5) first proposed the super-personal motives or motive beyond the notion that there is no self-transcendence is not a basic attitude can occur spontaneously, but in line with the law of human nature one kind of highly developed and persistent pursuit.

should be noted that the Humanistic Psychology Transpersonal Psychology in particular, attaches great importance to people's spiritual lives and their intrinsic value. Maslow wrote a lot about the book beyond the level, or even modify famous for his hierarchy of needs, the self-realization has been added on top of a self-transcendence,UGGs, but still tend to stay in academia, early Maslow need theory, but little reference to this significant development. Maslow believes that people have a higher nature than that, this is an essential part of his existence (Maslow, 1970). He blamed academic psychology strongly rule out the level of transcendence, pointed out this important level:

spirituality (or spiritual) part of the essence of life is there, but also the provisions of the characteristics of human nature, human nature the lack of it, then is no longer a complete human nature, it is really me, self-identity, inner core, special category and successful part of human nature ... ... However, the traditional, value-neutral science, applied physics model, it excluded from the real world outside it is still able to return to man the object of scientific research and practice (Maslow, 1976, p.314).

Rogers and Maslow, he also stressed the later years of the human spirit or transcendent level of need, into the transpersonal psychology movement. In their view, humanistic psychology, self-centered orbit. The greatest contribution of transpersonal psychology is that , blending a part of Xiangqi. The In short, no matter how you interpret it alleged or, return to the human race has a greater overall demand (Li Ande, 1994). Clearly, the emphasis on transcendence of the human spirit or the need for both an expression of the Transpersonal Psychology, beyond the limitations of Western culture, but also the performance of Western psychology and Eastern wisdom toward integration. Undoubtedly, this is a far-reaching theoretical and practical significance.

(c) The experimental paradigm and experience of subjective and objective paradigm of integration of new ideas

Humanistic Psychology criticized the methodology of traditional psychology rigid, dichotomous style of thinking and experimentalism , proposed experiments - Objective Paradigm (experimental-objective paradigm) and experience - the subjective paradigm (esperimental-subjective paradigm) integration of new ideas together, highlighting the open study, the overall analysis and multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary research approach significance.

Humanistic Psychology insisting that the object of psychology psychological methods to determine the principle of opposition to the approach advocated for the center and center on the problems, both methods of behavioral criteria to select an object of study resistance, but also is a variety of methods centered criticism. Not only that, humanistic psychologists also criticized the mainstream of psychology since Wundt began the long-term basis Newton - Cartesian paradigm to emulate the natural sciences to construct the theoretical model, the result of psychology into a mechanistic, reductionist, elements of doctrine and simplification of the situation.

pioneer of humanistic psychology, Fromm pointed out profoundly:

School in psychology, intended to imitate the natural sciences and laboratory methods to measure the computation all issues (except for the soul away). Only try to understand the laboratory can be observed that part of the people, and declared that conscience, value judgments, knowledge of good and evil, etc., but a metaphysical concept, not a psychological category. They would rather research and scientific methods coincide side issue, do not want to invent methods to study the important subject of study, making it the subject of psychology away - the soul, only concerned with mechanical reaction, the reverse effect,Discount UGG boots, instinctive problem ignore the human qualities: love, reason, conscience, values (Fromm, 1950, p.6).

Maslow criticized the behavior of following the natural science paradigm Zhuyi researchers pointed out: as if the person as an object, an object, or light metal with the research methods used, concepts, procedures, definitions and state of mind almost the same nature, this style has been called the mechanized science (mechanomorphic) (Maslow, 1969).

humanistic psychology is not only that the paradigm of psychology and experience the history of the sharp opposition between paradigms, but also illustrates the paradigm of subjective and objective compromise between the integration paradigm. Although Allport, Maslow and Rogers are very familiar with the experimental psychology, but they are from the beginning of the subjective aspects of human psychology to understand behavior and experimental methods is limited. Maslow often the nature of the physical world and your own experience to compare the different characteristics of the world, physicists believe that the world is not an abstract phenomenon of scientists than the more real world experience. In his away from human values, the will of It is the understanding that such access can be eliminated with the object of separation and distance, the real objects into his heart so that an important component of life, and soul integration. Maslow thought that some bystanders were more likely than the experience of seeing, which is known here, a part of reality. Jews or blacks for our understanding of the community than we have within the much more objective observer. Therefore, he considered the complementary nature of both the objective (see Lin Fang translation, 1988,98 ~ 101 pages).

humanistic psychologists suggested that empirical psychology and understanding of their phenomenology and existentialism integrated. Although they both rejected by the mainstream American psychology, and phenomenology and existentialism were insiders strongly condemned. But they proposed that the phenomenological method and experimental methods to integrate the idea of hierarchy, which in history and systems of psychology, if not unique, and it is very rare (DeCarvalho, 1991).

humanistic psychology in the positive significance of the methodology are: (1) dead against the methodology and psychology, experimentalism, research methods advocated an open, compatible and integrated approach. (2) against the psychology of naturalism and objectivism, prominent advocates of human subjectivity and subjective role in achieving the experiment (or objective) and experience (or subjective) the unity of the two paradigms. (3) against the doctrine of elements in the psychology, stressing the significance of the overall analysis methodology.

(d) to promote people-oriented organization and management of psychological treatment and education reform and the development of humanistic psychology

proposed the theory of human-centered, motivation level of theory, by the Centre for assisted therapy, in strengthening organization and management, education reform and psychological treatment have important application value.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is not only a behavioral science (behavioral science), a theoretical foundation, but also the Western Management Science (managerial science) and management psychology (managerial psychology) theory is an important pillar. Modern purpose of the new management science, management did not like the traditional, people as objects and machines to look at, but to people as people management. Objects were different from the fundamental point, is that people have their own inner spiritual world, there are material needs on the subjective needs. Maslow's theory of motivation (motivation theory) to create awareness of the pyramid of human needs, in addition to low levels of basic needs such as physiological needs, safety needs inside out, as well as high levels of needs, including self-realization of the true, the good U.S. pursuit. As Maslow said: It promotes the traditional economic theory and management science revolutionary changes have taken place, based on economic man (economic man) is assumed to rely on incentives to manage the X theory (X-theotry), who have been self-realization (self-actualizing man) assumed to satisfy higher needs based on the transcendence of the need for management theory Y (Y-theory) and theoretical Z (Z-theory) replaced. Because the new management science is that the essence of change management is also with due humanity. So Maslow stressed that: understanding of the real revolution

Rogers Its main contribution is to: (1) to break the traditional mode of education and the United States tied the existing educational system, to respect, understanding, and believe that man first mentioned education, and promote the contemporary Western education reform movement. (2) two major psychological breakthrough in the long-Western faction (stimulus - response learning theory and cognitive learning theory) is mainly to conduct experimental research on learning and the tendency, direct study of human development theory on the subject in the prominent student learning status and role, learn to adapt to change and to promote the idea of learning to learn, promote learning and meaning within the theory of non-intellectual factors in promoting the emotional power function, focusing on the cultivation of creativity, the establishment of democracy and equality between teachers and students to create the best teaching and other aspects of psychological atmosphere to make a contribution.

Humanistic Psychology is a contemporary treatment of the three major schools of Western psychotherapy is one of Humanistic Psychology foundation of practice. Humanistic Psychology both its wide range of social backgrounds and philosophical basis of scientific experiments has its base in reality. Maslow called the field of psychotherapy a It can be said humanistic psychotherapy is scientific humanism and the existing practice of the formation of the Kingdom, and humanistic psychology was mainly the distillation of the results of psychotherapy practice.

humanistic psychotherapy opposes the naturalistic biomedical model, but also against the mechanical determinism of behavioral medicine point of view, and for the contemporary biological - psychological - social new medical model provides a humanistic psychology The theoretical study. In their view, the real trend of mental health is to pursue and achieve self-realization, while the interference, obstruction or change the process of self-realization is mentally ill. The psychological therapy is to help those who return to the path of self-realization therapy (Xu Jinsheng such as translation, 1987).

humanistic psychotherapy opposes the Freudian school and do not support growth. The former , page 44). Freud, the lack of basic needs into the shadow of the eternal psychological disorders, which led to the tragedy of. The latter, such as Swartz (Gary E. Swartz), etc. are too optimistic, Both the

humanistic psychotherapy not only to meet and provide the Kingdom of Loss deprived of basic human needs, but also to promote the existence of the Kingdom of the rich in humanity and Personality. Thus, humanistic psychotherapy is not the main focus of pathological or problem but the person's growth and self-realization, convinced that people have inherent tendencies and self-directed and constructive ability, attention to human integrity and human relations, stress the importance of mentors and by the auxiliary who put themselves in understanding, and actively guide the care and patience to remove the obstacles to recovery.

According to Hayek (Herink, 1980) compiled a Maslow believes that the main form of psychotherapy now there are seven: (1) through the show (the completion of action, release, catharsis); (2) to meet basic needs (support, security, protection, love, respect) ; (3) the transfer by the threat (protection, good social, political and economic conditions); (4) insight, knowledge and understanding of the improvement; (5) through the advice and authority; (6) directly attack the disease; (7) through positive self-realization, individual or growth. Shows the first six treatments, mostly related to basic human needs (physiological needs of removal of material) deletions and meet relevant. Maslow believes that to meet the basic needs of the end of psychological treatment is not only

Maslow to comprehend (or Epiphany) (insight), and deep understanding (complete enlightenment) as the highest level of psychological therapy and the most important aspects. In their view, psychological treatment is not only external remedy, but rather is secondary to the personality by the recovery and self thoroughly aware of the psychological gestalt-style conversion. Assisted only by those based on subject self-understanding and self-withdrawal of enlightenment, so he really they know themselves, their victory over themselves, and thus recognized the perfection of human nature, and to see their personality and health, the gap between sound and then the real on its own toward real self-realization. This is the ultimate goal of psychotherapy and true rule of the people.

the many humanistic psychotherapy method, the most widely used, the greatest impact is advocated by the Rogers Centre for the therapy aids (party or the client centered therapy, visitors or patients centered therapy) . The therapy aims to promote and assist visitors on their own ability to solve their own problems. Rogers to create a people-centered treatment model, and create new forms of group therapy, the establishment of positive interaction between the consultative visit, the use of modern aspects, such as therapeutic tools to make an important contribution.

addition, humanistic psychotherapy group there to make friends (or knowing groups), reality therapy, first treatment method, the existence of psychological therapy, there is humanistic therapy, or human existence, presence of psychological therapy, psychoanalysis therapy, psychological therapy, etc. Super person (car Fair editor, 1990). Thus, humanistic psychologists Rogers, Rollo * plum, burgundy Rosenthal, who contributed to the psychotherapy is enormous, and people in the humanistic psychotherapy dominate the field of clinical psychology. (E) promoting positive change in philosophical outlook

17 century scientific revolution in Western Europe to the modern view of the world from a stereotyped role. It is left to the people is a scientific rationalism of the world. Science, instrumental reason has been given primacy. It is the subjective and objective, rational and value, regularity and purpose, determinism and choice of science and humanism is absolutely against each other, one-sided emphasis on one aspect. The overall features are: light weight intuitive perception, re-light the subjective and objective, re-light the fact that the value light weight contract customs and traditions, the spirit of light weight material. This world view has become the dominant ideology of species, and received religious significance. This mechanistic view of the world determine the nature of the discipline and development. Not only physics, and biology, psychology and other disciplines could not dominated by this world view. However, Humanistic Psychology naturalistic view of human nature seeks to overcome the limitations of the theory put forward, such as like instinct theory, hierarchy of needs, the peak experience of positive human nature, subjective and objective integration of two paradigms of psychology, etc., to promote psychology from the natural conversion to the humanist doctrine, set up a people-oriented, people in the history of Western psychology expensive new milestone. Humanistic Psychology broken through the traditional mechanistic world view, not only in bringing the discipline of psychology on the nature and object of study there was a major change, but change for the philosophical world has played a positive role.

(back to article directory) Second, the fundamental flaw

Indeed, the contribution of humanistic psychology can not be underestimated, but because of nature and nurture in human nature, the natural and social, etc. understanding on the issue of relationship is still bias, and thus the limitations of human psychology and errors can not be ignored.

(a) of the naturalistic theory of human nature does not shake off the fetters of

Humanistic Psychology overemphasize the role of natural factors, human nature, ignoring the macro social environment and social practice in the formation and development of the reality of human nature decisive significance. Maslow openly admitted:

we all know, human nature or human nature is different from all the animals and man generally, the common property of the sum is determined by the social and natural composition of these two basic components of the foundation of the social is the sublimation of human nature and the commander. Both interdependence and mutual restraint has always been, in the unity of opposites being.

regard the traditional psychology of human nature attributed most of the natural man or biological. Humanistic psychology and human nature against Freud's pessimistic view of social conflict, advocates of human nature and its relationship with the social life of humanistic psychology as a subject. Should be said that this is positive. However, the core of humanistic psychology theories, such as motivation theory, value theory, personality theory and other, mainly the natural factors of human nature, human nature is trying to reveal the natural evolution by evolving unique to humans seems instinctive inner potential of the decision. According to one view of the psychologist in the evolutionary process, given the natural human characteristic, and the instinct is similar. Thus forming a basic logical framework; like instinct - → Humanity - → mental life - → Human social and cultural life. Obviously, this is not from a human perspective on social provisions of the relationship between man and nature, but starting from the natural view of the relationship between people and society. Although such research is a necessary field of scientific research, but it ignores the human personality, value and creativity to achieve the social environment and which constraints of history, so that the impact of social life from the perspective of the evolution of the properties of others not from the general or fundamental to human nature or human nature to make a real scientific answer. Humanistic Psychology fundamental flaw is that it is not macroscopic social and material relations of production to the study of human nature, but from within the closed world to find the main source of human nature. Is clear, Maslow hierarchy of needs major limitations: (1) he considers the basic needs of human body or by genetically determined, innate. This man's biological needs and social needs of confused again. The needs of both people and animals there are qualitative differences between continuity. Person's social needs are not animals, that is shared with animals, or biological needs, who were born from the first breath when the smoke had been under the influence in a social environment; also marked by social stigma. The needs of not only social, but it is the result of the development of social history. However, Maslow's hierarchy of needs is built on the basis of innate potential, rather than as people's needs and enjoyment generated by the community. Thus, Maslow basically left the man's social conditions, historical development and to examine the practice of human life and the hierarchy of human needs. (2) He believes that the development needs of the inherent biological characteristics of human development and presentation. As Maslow as a man beyond time and space, beyond the social, cultural impact beyond the abstract Clearly, the Maslow hierarchy of needs concept of development is based on

many of the pioneers and founders of humanistic psychology has a natural tendency. Kelai Ke on Humanism in the summary noted that most are in favor of the views of all or most of the following: (1) that nature is all there.